Gabatarwa:
Asthma cuta ce ta numfashi da ke shafar hanyoyin shakar iska a ciki da wajen huhu. Asthma tana sa bututun iska (bronchi) su kumbura, su yi kauri, sannan su kunkunta, wanda hakan ke hana iska wucewa yadda ya kamata zuwa a cikin huhu. Sakamakon haka, mai cutar asthma na iya fuskantar wahalar numfashi, tari, huci (wheezing), da matsin kirji.
A duniya baki ɗaya, miliyoyin mutane na fama da Asthma, ciki har da yara da manya. A Najeriya da ƙasashen Afirka, yawan masu cutaqr asthma na ƙaruwa saboda canjin yanayi, hayaki, ƙazanta, da wasu dabi’u na zamani masu gurbata muhalli.
Wannan rubutu zai yi bayani mai zurfi kan ma’anar Asthma, nau’o’inta, dalilai da abubuwan da ke tayar da cutar, alamomi, yadda ake ganowa, magunguna da hanyoyin kula da cutar, rayuwa da Asthma, da kuma abubuwan kariya. An tsara rubutun ne domin ya taimaka wa marasa lafiya, iyaye, malamai, da kowa da kowa da ke son fahimtar cutar asthma sosai.
Menene Asthma?
Asthma cuta ce mai dawwama (chronic) wadda ke shafar hanyoyin numfashi. A lokacin da Asthma ya tashi, hanyoyin iska sukan kumbura, su yi kauri, su matse kuma su fitar da majina (mucus) da yawa. Wannan yana sa numfashi ya yi wuya, musamman a lokacin da ake fitar da iska daga huhu (exhalation).
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a jiki lokacin da Asthma ya tashi:
1. Kumburin hanyoyin iska – bangon bronchi yana yin kauri.
2. Matsewa da kunkuntar hanyoyin iska– tsokoki a kewayen hanyoyin iska sukan matse.
3. Ƙaruwar samar da majina (mucus) a hanyoyin iska – yana toshe hanya.
Wadannan abubuwa sukan haɗu su hana iska shiga da fita huhu yadda ya kamata.
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Nau’o’in Asthma
Akwai nau’o’i daban-daban na cutar Asthma, idan muka yi la'akari da abubuwan da ke tayar da asthma da kuma yadda yake bayyana, muna iya kasa cutar asthma kamar haka:
1. Allergic Asthma (Asthma na bijirewar garkuwar jiki)
– Yana faruwa idan garkuwar jikin mutum na da rashin juriya ga ƙananan abubuwa kamar, ƙura, hayaki, furen tsire-tsire (pollen), dabbobi, ko wasu abinci. A duk lokacin da mai irin wannan asthma ya haɗu da wadannan abubuwan, garkuwa jikinsa za ta bijire musu ta hanyar toshe kofofin iska da kuma samar da majina mai yawa a cikin su
2. Non-Allergic Asthma
– Ba lallai ne ya danganta da bijirewar garkuwar jiki (allergy) ba. Sau da yawa yana tashi ne saboda hayaki, sanyi, kamuwa da mura, ko damuwa.
3. Exercise-Induced Asthma
– Yana tashi lokacin motsa jiki, musamman a sanyi ko lokacin busasshen iska, kamar hunturu.
4. Occupational Asthma
– Yana faruwa saboda abubuwan ake shaƙa a wurin aiki kamar ƙurar kamfanin siminti, shaƙar sinadarai, tururin fenti, da sauransu.
5. Childhood Asthma (Asthmar yarinta)
– Yana iya bayyana tun ƙuruciya. Wasu yara na warkewa idan sun girma, wasu kuma za su ci gaba da shi har abada.
6. Severe Asthma
– Nau’i ne mai tsanani da yake yawan tashi akai-akai kuma ba ya jin magunguna na yau da kullum.
Abubuwan da ke Tayar da Cutar Asthma
Ba a san takamaiman abin da ke haifar da Asthma ga kowa ba, amma akwai abubuwa da dama da ke ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da shi, abubuwan da ke saka mutum kan haɗarin kamuwa sune:
- Tarihin Asthma a cikin iyali
- Yawan samun rashin lafiya mai alaka da bijirewar garkuwar jiki (allergies), kamar samiha, yawan allergic rhinitis ko atopy
- Shan taba ko zama a wajen da ake shan taba
- Rayuwa a wuraren da hayaki, ƙura da ƙazanta ke yawa
- Kamuwa da cututtukan numfashi a ƙuruciya
Abubuwan da ke tayar da harin Asthma (Asthmatic attack):
- Kura da datti
- Hayakin tabar sigari
- Furen tsire-tsire (pollen)
- Dabbobi (kare, mage, da sauransu)
- Sanyi ko iskar hunturu
- Kamuwa da mura ko tarin fuka
- Motsa jiki ba tare da shiri ba
- Damuwa da fushi
- Sinadarai da turare (fenti, turaren gida, turaren wuta)
Alamomin Cutar Asthma
Alamomin Asthma sun bambanta daga mutum zuwa wani mutum, kuma suna iya tsananta ko sauƙaƙa lokaci zuwa lokaci. Mafi shahara daga cikin alamomin sun haɗa da:
- Huci (wheezing) – sautin “hush-hush” lokacin numfashi
- Wahalar numfashi
- Toshewar kirji
- Tari, musamman da daddare ko da sassafe
- Gajiya cikin sauƙi
A lokacin harin Asthma mai tsanani (Severe Asthmatic Attack), mutum na iya:
- Fuskantar matuƙar wahalar numfashi
- Kasa yin magana da kyau
- Jin tsoro da fargaba
- Fuskantar saurin bugun zuciya
Gargaɗi: Idan alamomi sun tsananta sosai, dole ne a garzaya asibiti nan da nan.
Yadda Ake Gano Cutar Asthma (Diagnosis)
Likitoci na amfani da hanyoyi da dama don tabbatar da Asthma:
1. Tambayoyi da bibiyar tarihin lafiya – game da alamomi, lokacin da suke faruwa, da abubuwan da ke tayar da su.
2. Gwajin numfashi (Spirometry) – yana auna yadda iska ke shiga da fita daga huhu.
3. Peak Flow Test – yana auna ƙarfin fitar iska.
4. Gwajin allergy – don gano abin da ke jawo bijirewar garkuwar jiki.
5. Hoton X-ray – domin cire yiwuwar sauran cututtuka.
Magunguna da Hanyoyin Kula da Cutar Asthma
Asthma ba ya warkewa gaba ɗaya, amma ana iya sarrafa shi yadda mutum zai rayu lafiya ba tare da matsala ba ko yawan tashin cutar. Magunguna sun kasu kashi biyu:
1. Magungunan Sauƙaƙe Harin Asthma (Reliever/Rescue Medications)
Short-acting beta agonists (SABA) kamar Salbutamol (Ventolin) – Ana amfani da su lokacin da Asthma ya tashi don buɗe hanyoyin iska da sauri.
2. Magungunan Kulawa na Yau da Kullum (Controller Medications)
Inhaled corticosteroids – suna rage kumburi a hanyoyin iska.
Long-acting bronchodilators (LABA) – suna taimakawa wajen buɗe hanyoyin iska na dogon lokaci.
Leukotriene modifiers – suna rage tasirin sinadarai da ke tayar da Asthma.
Muhimmi: Dole ne a sha magani yadda likita ya rubuta. Kada a daina magani kai tsaye idan an ji sauƙi.
Yadda Ake Amfani da Inhaler Daidai
Yawancin masu Asthma na amfani da inhaler. Amma mutane da yawa ba sa amfani da shi daidai. Ga matakan amfani da inhaler:
1. Ka girgiza inhaler ɗin.
2. Ka fitar da iska daga baki.
3. Ka saka bakin inhaler a bakin ka rufe ruf da leɓɓa.
4. Ka danna inhaler yayin shakar iska a hankali.
5. Ka riƙe numfashi na sakan 10.
6. Ka fitar da iska a hankali.
Idan an ba ka spacer, ka yi amfani da shi domin magani ya shiga huhu sosai.
Yadda ake Kula da Cutar Asthma
Mutum mai Asthma na iya rayuwa lafiya kamar kowa idan ya kula da kansa. Ga wasu shawarwari:
- Ka guji abin da ke tayar da Asthma ɗinka
- Ka rika amfani da magani yadda likita ya rubuta
- Ka tsaftace gida daga kura
- Ka guji hayakin taba dama kowane irin hayaki
- Ka yi motsa jiki cikin shiri
- Ka rika zuwa duba lafiya a asibiti akai-akai
Yadda ake Kula da Yara Masu Cutar Asthma
Asthma na yawan faruwa a yara. Iyayen da ke da yara masu Asthma ana bukatar:
Su koya wa yaro yadda zai yi amfani da inhaler
Su sanar da malamai a makaranta
Su rika lura da alamomin da ke nuna harin Asthma na zuwa
Su rika bin tsarin magani da likita ya bayar
Su kula da yaro sosai a lokacin sanyi da iskar hunturu
Su hana yaro sharar wuri mai ƙurah
Kula da Mace Mai Asthma da Ciki
Mata masu juna biyu da ke da Asthma su kula sosai da kansu, domin Asthma na iya shafar lafiyar uwa da jariri. Amfani da magani yadda ya dace yana da muhimmanci sosai. Akwai bukatar mace ta gujewa duk wani abin da tasan zai iya tayar mata da harin asthma. Ta kiyaye zuwa antenatal da kuma sauran hanyoyin kula da lafiyar juna biyu.
Yadda ake Samun Kariya daga Cutar Asthma
Babu magani ko allurar rigakafin asthma kai tsaye da zai hana Asthma gaba ɗaya, amma ana iya rage haɗarin tashi da tsanantar cutar asthma ta hanyar:
- Gujewa hayaki da ƙazanta
- Tsaftace muhalli
- Shan magani yadda ya dace
- Kula da mura da cututtukan numfashi da wuri
- Rage damuwa
Tambayoyi da Amsoshi Kan Asthma (FAQ)
1. Menene Asthma?
Amsa: Asthma cuta ce ta numfashi da ke sa hanyoyin iska a huhu su kumbura su kuma kunkunta. Wannan yana haddasa wahalar numfashi, tari, da huci (wheezing).
2. Me ke haddasa Asthma?
Amsa: Asthma na iya faruwa saboda gado, bijirewar garkuwar jiki (allergy), hayakin taba, kura, furen tsire-tsire, sanyi, mura, da ƙazantar muhalli.
3. Wadanne alamomi ne ke nuna mutum na da Asthma?
Amsa: Alamomin sun haɗa da:
- – Wahalar numfashi
- – Tari mai dawowa
- – Huci a ƙirji
- – Matsin kirji
- – Gajiya cikin sauƙi
4. Shin Asthma na warkewa gaba ɗaya?
Amsa: A’a. Asthma ba ya warkewa gaba ɗaya, amma ana iya sarrafa shi da magani da kulawa ta yadda mutum zai rayu lafiya.
5. Wane magani ake sha ko amfani da shi wajen Asthma?
Amsa: Ana amfani da inhaler kamar Salbutamol (Ventolin inhaler) don buɗe hanyoyin iska, da kuma magungunan kullum kamar inhaled corticosteroids don rage kumburi.
6. Shin yara na iya samun Cutar Asthma?
Amsa: Eh. Yara da yawa suna fama da Asthma. Wasu sukan warke da girma, wasu kuma su ci gaba da shi har manya.
7. Me ke tayar da harin Asthma?
Amsa: Abubuwan da ke tayar da Asthma sun haɗa da kura, hayaki, sanyi, mura, damuwa, motsa jiki ba tare da shiri ba, da wasu sinadarai.
8. Ta yaya zan hana Asthma nawa ya tashi akai-akai?
Amsa:
- – Ka guji kura da hayaki
- – Ka rika amfani da magani yadda likita ya rubuta
- – Ka tsaftace muhalli
- – Ka kula da mura da wuri
- – Ka rage damuwa
9. Shin masu Asthma za su iya yin wasanni?
Amsa: Eh, suna iya yin wasanni, amma da shiri da amfani da inhaler kafin motsa jiki idan likita ya ba da shawara.
10. Yaushe ya kamata mai Asthma ya je asibiti?
Amsa: Idan:
- – Wahalar numfashi ya yi tsanani sosai
- – Inhaler bai yi aiki ba
- – Mutum ya kasa magana saboda wahalar numfashi
- – Kirji ya matse ƙwarai
Kammalawa
Asthma cuta ce da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman, amma ba ta hana mutum rayuwa mai inganci. Fahimtar cutar, sanin abubuwan da ke tayar da ita, amfani da magani yadda ya dace, da bin shawarwarin likita na da matuƙar muhimmanci. Idan kai ko wanda kake kulawa da shi na fama da Asthma, ka tabbata kana da cikakken ilimi game da cutar, domin ilimi shi ne matakin farko na zaman lafiya.
Medical Disclaimer
Wannan rubutu na ilimantarwa ne kawai. Ba ya maye gurbin shawarar likita kai tsaye. Idan kana da alamomin Asthma ko wata matsalar numfashi, tuntuɓi likita ko je asibiti nan da nan.
Author Bio (Game da Marubuci)
An shirya wannan rubutu ne domin wayar da kan al’umma kan lafiyar numfashi da cututtukan huhu. Marubucin yana da sha’awar ilimantar da jama’a a Hausa kan batutuwan lafiya, tare da amfani da bayanai masu inganci da saukin fahimta domin sauƙaƙa wa kowa samun ilimin kiwon lafiya kyauta.
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